Dialectical Behavior Therapy An Evidence Based Treatment...

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) and PTSD (Cukor, 2009). The therapy focuses on a balance between change and acceptance. DBT is combined with individual psychotherapy and building skills groups to regulate emotion, mindfulness and distress tolerance. There are two stages associated with DBT. The first entails the use of DBT for individuals with BPD with significant trauma histories and PTSD (Welch Rothbaum, 2007). Patients who have completed Stage 1 treatments targets severe behavior decontrol but must stay on Stage 1, if they continue to experience emotion dysregulation. In Stage II DBT, individuals begin exposure to their trauma experience. No data has been accumulated studying this application (Welch Rothbaum, 2007). Dialectical behavior therapies teach the patient techniques for managing strong emotions through trauma-focused methods. Prolonged Exposure therapy The article for the VA national center, Cognitive Changes during Prolonged Exposure versus Prolonged Exposure plus Cognitive Restructuring in Female Assault Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Schnurr examined the prolonged exposure treatments for female veterans after the war. Paula Schnurr explained the new series of using prolonged exposure training. The practice was used four days a week with two patients. The results of the exercise compared to other treatments showed that patients who completed at least eight sessionsShow MoreRelatedDialectical Behavior Therapy As A Treatment For Borderline Personality Disorder1482 Words   |  6 PagesDialectical Behavior Therapy as a Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder What is Borderline Personality Disorder? Personality disorders are characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) as disorders where impulsivity is the main deficit and without treatment, it acquires new symptoms as time progresses. The four core features that are prevalent in all personality disorders include dysfunctional thinkingRead MoreA Brief Note On Borderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1671 Words   |  7 Pages Assessing Borderline Personality Disorder Amanda Kissling Millersville University â€Æ' Introduction Treating individuals with Borderline Personality Disorders presents unique challenges for Clinicians and other service workers. Borderline personality disorder is described in the DSM-V as a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, (as well as) marked impulsivity (2013). Symptoms typically begin to present themselves in late adolescents and earlyRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder in the Film Single White Female919 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Borderline White Female Without any dispute, the 1992 feature film Single White Female is an excellent example of a psychological thriller, which it was initially touted as and seemingly confirmed by grossing several million dollars. However, the one particular aspect of this film that truly confirms to the label of psychological is the characterization of Hedy Carlson, who functions extremely well as a case study for Borderline Personality Disorder. By definition, Borderline Personality DisorderRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder And Mental Health Disorder1726 Words   |  7 PagesBorderline Personality Disorder â€Å"What does borderline personality mean, anyhow? It appears to be a way station between neurosis and psychosis: a fractured but not disassembled psyche. Though to quote my post-Melvin psychiatrist: It s what they call people whose lifestyles bother them,† (Kaysen, 2014). Borderline personality disorder is a very serious mental health disorder and it has been around for many years. It is, like the quote says above, people whose lifestyles bother them. They don’t haveRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1659 Words   |  7 Pagesenigmatic condition. The term â€Å"Borderline,† coined by Adolph Stern in 1938 (Optimum Performance Institute), refers to the behavior exhibited by these patients who are on the borderline between neurosis and psychosis. The oscillating nature and unknown concrete cause of this disorder makes it difficult to treat. Due to this, Borderline Personality Disorder, or BPD, has become one of the most controversial disorders to work with in the psychiatric community. Often time Borderline patients are avoided entirelyRead More What is borderline personality disorder? Essay1955 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to the DSM-IV(2000), Borderline Personality Disorder is a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following: 1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. 2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation 3Read MoreThe Dsm 5 : Bipolar And Related Disorders1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe DSM-5(2013) section on Bipolar and related disorders includes diagnoses for Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, substance/medication induced bipolar and related disorder, bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition, other specified bipolar and related disorder and unspecified bipolar and related disorder there is no classification for pediatric or early onset bipolar disorder. Though there is the following statement â€Å"the recognition that many individualsRead MoreEffects Of Borderline Personality Disorders ( Bpd ) Essay1812 Words   |  8 Pageschallenges in treatments for consumers with borderline personality disorders (BPD) and how they are slightly different from treating other disorders. Rates of co-occurring mental health disorders are very high among individuals with BPD, which present challenges for treatments in those individuals. This paper will explore the complications in diagnosing consumers due to the fact that borderline personality disorder rarely stands alone and is often co-occurring with other disorders. Gender differencesRead MoreMedical Health Promotion And Disease Prevention Plan1467 Words   |  6 Pagesindicated that mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability in United States and Canada, while suicide is the 11th leading cause of death that killed approximately 30,000 American each year (â€Å"Mental Health and Mental Disorders†, n.d.). The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has commended series of guideline once patients are identified with mental health disorder. According to the flow chart, the treatment plan for major depressive disorder include provide pharmacologicalRead More Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Essay2635 Words   |  11 PagesDescription of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan for the treatment of complex, difficult-to-treat mental disorders. Originally, DBT was developed to treat individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD; Carson-Wong, Rizvi, Steffel, 2013; Scheel, 2000). However, DBT has evolved into a treatment for multi-disordered individuals with BPD. In addition, DBT has been adapted

Using Research Report Template High School

Using Research Report Template High School As stated above, a research report may be used in plenty of processes and functions. This research is able to help you come up with your customer personas and specific problems that you want to solve with your goods or support. Be certain to schedule sufficient time in case some research tasks over-run or response prices are lower than anticipated. Your papers won't be accepted if they're written in any fashion. Make certain it includes all the important ones to supply a crystal clear summary of your advertising performance report. An industry analysis template makes it simpler for you to ascertain the features of your intended audience. You may be interested in service report examples. You could also have a look at quality report examples. There are lots of points you need to take into consideration when writing a research report. Studies show your writing is still write in your head for days after finishing, and that means you are more inclined to skim over basic mistakes which you would otherwise catch. The thesis statement is easily the most difficult template of the essay. Even though it is not a very easy thing to do our article is going to show how to write the best thesis in no time. The Research Report Template High School Cover Up 1 such shortcut would need to be the numerous advertising templates that are found online. You don't need to hunt for different templates on t he Internet. There are a lot of different email advertising platforms out there. When you are searching for equity research report template word document over the web, you're directed to some bank or investment organizations since they have their own templates designed accordingly to their requirements and requirements. If you're a SaaS or e-commerce company, I don't need to explain to you how important digital marketing is. First of all, marketing needs to improve your bottom line. The Nuiances of Research Report Template High School After you have completed your market analysis, you can begin implementing your company strategy. You are able to employ your studying to plan and develop your advertising and marketing strategies, to recognize new prospective clients, and product program. Developing a sales report for different time periods will be able to help you identify trends, together with opportunity for growth. Thorough market research should be performed to figure out whether littl e businesses are capable of satisfying the requirements. An industry analysis also supplies you with a good foundation so that it is possible to avoid common pitfalls. Many times, market research RFPs are written by a person or committee that has not ever done one before. Market research reports play a significant part in improving the productivity of a business enterprise. Sector Reports on entire industries are also quite long. What's a research paper. To locate a good case of a qualitative research report isn't as simple as it first seems. How to compose a research paper. For instance, researchreport on women empowerment or research report on internet shopping, along with research report psychology problems. The sample program should be employed to indicate the total amount of participants you prefer to research, along with a breakdown of each group. You are able to then demonstrate the particular demand for your proposed research program, and how this industry research program will fill these holes and donate to the knowledge of this subject. Perhaps the most dreaded part of any research program, budgeting is never straightforward. A weekly activity report is frequently as in-depth as you would like it to be. All research essays have to be documented high certain ways in school to prevent plagiarism. Whether you're in the usa or UK, or any place in the Earth, just know we are always here online available for you, and we can help you write some of the greatest essays that will bring you good grades. Clearly state what it is you're hoping to become from the research. Throughout college you're going to be asked to write research papers. The executive summary is the initial section to appear on the webpage following your title page. Bear in mind that you're outlining information which you already know. Your promotion report content will change and will be largely based on what you are attempting to accomplish, but there's an overall format you are able to follow which can help you compose a prosperous report. Inside this section, summarize the content of your advertising file, and re-iterate your objectives.

Business Loyalty vs. Ethics

Question: Discuss about the Business Loyalty vs. Ethics. Answer: Conflicts of interest, personally experienced in personal or professional roles I work as a sale person in a retail store, where I have to sell things of the store to the people and once the things are being sold to the people, it is the rule of the store to not to return any item. I am well aware of this thing, and but there are few customers there, who offer me with extra money in the name of tip. In exchange, they want to return the thing that they have purchased and in this particular situation, I face the conflict of interest. Perceiving a potential conflict and the ways ensuring that this conflict does not lead to any unethical behaviour One of the most important ways to ensure that there is not any conflict is to follow the rules and regulation that is being laid by the organization. It is important to be straightforward and honest about the rules regulations that are being laid by the organizations, to the customers. It would help in arising less complicated situation and the customer too, understand that the responsibilities that needs to be carried out by a particular person. At times if taking decision or making a choice become a difficult thing then it is important to take the help of the superior, they could help in the best way possible (YouTube. 2016). Others conflicts of interest can affect how you or those you know were treated. In my retail store, a colleague of mine has a relationship, with one of the senior official of the organization. The particular relationship in his personal life had an effect on his professional life as well, because he was rewarded, even though the work carried out by him is equal or even at time inferior to us. The other employees too have to face this discrimination, which created resentment among them. Policies that the organizations could implement to try to reduce conflicts of interest or costs The organization could implement policies such as breach of trust, for those people, who utilize or rather, exploit their position and provide some advantages to the people (Thomas 2016). In such a case, legal action should be taken against those employees and this will reduce unethical things in the organization for fulfilling their interest (Drexler 2012). Personal Experience I had a group of friends during my school days and most of them, and in fact, all of them were shopaholic except for me. I remembered a time when my financial conditions were not that pleasant, at least for me, and spending money for shopping would be a luxury for me at that time. Still, to be in that group I had to shop and I had to confirm to other peoples notion. Yes, I regret about that today because I feel like that if I would not have done that then I would have probably save money for my future, for something that is fruitful for my career, and at the same time, I would have supported my parents as well. Cheating is Contagious There are certain incidents that come up every day or rather almost every day, which proves that cheating is there on every level of society. Even in the marital relationship, there are certain incidents, which provide us with a shock, because we do not except these things from a particular person. Slowly, we find out that it is the result of what is happening outside around, in the friend circle is affecting these people. Therefore, it can be said that the thing at times sounds true and it sounds true mainly because those people, who try to confirm to their friends and to that group where they belong, practice these things. Balancing Loyalty and Ethical Integrity It is true that it is difficult to choose between ethics and loyalty, and most of the time when people have to choose between these two things, the best thing that they should do is, go by the definition of loyalty. The definition of loyalty refers to the fact that a person can be loyal either to another person or to a cause (Amanet.org. 2010). Thus, although, it is difficult and need great strength to fight the friends one should try to fight for the goods of their friends and be loyal to the cause and not to anyone else (YouTube. 2016). Groupthink "Groupthink is something that occurs if there is any kind of pressure within a group, and the pressure allows an individual to confirm to those facts, even if that is unethical (Janis 2015). Yes, I have been subject to groupthink, when I for the first time, am enrolled myself in the college. During that time friends were often into drinking and I am someone who does not like drinking that much, although, I confirm to the group and drank with them, for which I regret now. Ethical Fading Ethical fading is a mechanism, where the intuition, sub conscious as well as self-deception help in disregarding the moral component or the ethical component of a particular action (Ethical Leadership from Andrew Leigh. 2016). Most of the time the ethical decisions are taking emotionally, but in case of ethical fading there is cognitive rationalization (YouTube. 2016). I myself has faced such a situation in my life when one day, I saw the pictures of child labour and the workers condition of people working in the factory of Nike, and in other companies such as, Nike, who are outsourcing workers from the developing countries. I knew everything, yet at the time of shopping, I forgot those pictures and those messages easily without much problem. Intentional Unethical Decision Yes, I have taken unethical decision to please the higher authority, and it happened when I was working in the retail store and I need to retain my job at any cost. Therefore, when my boss asked me to, manipulate the sales figure, I did that because I wanted to save my job. Later on, I felt bad for that because that was something that was done to manipulate the accounts of the company, which is beneficial for the company, but not that much beneficial for the people working in that company. Victim of Ethical Fading The case, which involves the selling of Daraphim at a very high price to the customer is such a case that cause trouble to them, is case of ethical fading, where the patients, who have to take this particular drug is the victim of ethical fading. Martin Shkreli, the CEO of Turin Pharmaceutical sold these drugs at a price of $750, when the previous price was $13.00 and thus, the patients who have to take these drugs are affected largely, although the thing was just business strategy for the company (Court 2016). The pharmaceutical company although, claimed that they will lower the prices of the drugs but then it will only be provided to the hospitals and only those who are hospitalize would enjoy the benefit of this particular drug (Duggar 2016). Thus, this particular section count for a very small proportion, and thus only a small section of the people are benefitted and most of the people has become the victim of this particular incident at the same time. References Amanet.org. (2010).Loyalty vs. Ethics: From the White House to the Workplace. Court, E. (2016).Heres why Daraprim still costs $750 a pill. MarketWatch. Drexler, D. (2012). The Huffington Post. Duggar, J. (2016).The role of integrity in individual and effective corporate leadership. 1st ed. Ethical Leadership from Andrew Leigh. (2016).Ethical fading: is it happening right under your nose?. Janis, I.L., 2015. Groupthink: the desperate drive for consensus at any cost.Classics of Organization Theory, p.161. Thomas, R. (2016).Conflict Management Systems: A Methodology for Addressing the Cost of Conflict in the Workplace. Mediate.com. YouTube. (2016).Conflict of Interest. YouTube. (2016).Conformity Bias. YouTube. (2016).Ethical Fading.

Wine Marketing Management

Introduction Packaging of wine is very important in the process of branding, particularly when it is a new wine being introduced into the market. The design of the label can actually determine the success or failure of the wine product. This means the packaging sells what it protects and protects what it sells. Despite the quality of wine being excellent, clients often see the package design first and they base their judgment on the inkling evoked by the design.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wine Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Protecting and Selling The wine packaging by use of bottles unquestionably protects the content in the bottles. However, wine packaging has four basic functions including, holding the contents, protecting the contents, for identification and for selling the product (Jackson, 2008, p. 489). The function of identification and selling come from the packaging being uniq ue so that the product stands out from the rest and it attracts a great deal of clients. In conventional market (Wagner et al, 2007, p. 78), the sellers and the consumers usually bargain over prices of the product and the selling is hence done by people. In modern wine stores, bargaining is limited and packages do the selling. People often buy from the seller they trust in traditional marketplace but in the wine stores, the wines have been packaged and have brand names and customers build their trust and loyalty on these brands (Orth Malkewitz, 2008, p. 65). Therefore besides selling the wine, the wine bottle protects the wine (Wagner et al, 2007, p. 78). The wine characteristics could have significant impact on the package integrity. Wine is a special product and glass containers are the preferred means of packaging the wine because they protect the original taste of the wine. Off all the packaging products available like multilayered carton boxes, plastic containers and cans, it glass that has the greatest impermeability to vapors and gases, they are transparent and can be recycles (Mentana, et al, 2009, p. 1361). They therefore keep the wine in good original taste for the longest time. The glass containers do not require additives or plastic layers to help it preserve the taste of the wine. In glass containers, wines can retain their taste for more than half a century while in other containers it can only stay for a few months (Mentana, et al, 2009, p. 1361). Packaging systems and Dispensing For wine marketing, packaging is not only about the bottle but also the wine glasses and the dispensers. Wine consumers have noted that dispensers provide means of dispensing wine in appropriate volumes and preserving it their favorite tastes (Mentana, et al, 2009, p. 1364). Several systems are available for use in hotels, restaurants and cafes and even at home.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A wine dispenser provides an amazing way of ensuring that the wine remains in good state to the last drop. These dispensers add value by ensuring that each glass dispensed is in its original taste (Taber, 2007, p. 87). Besides the bottle which is the best container for packaging wine, other packaging systems as already highlighted include the box-in-bag containers and the PET bottles (the Polyethylene Terephthalate plastic bottles). The bag in box is a plastic bag that has been metalized by several layers of metal films in a corrugated fiberboard carton. For easy dispensing and use, these boxes come with fillers and taps. Filing is usually done by machines and based on the target consumers the box can have an airtight tap (Taber, 2007, p. 87). This ensures that the wine remains preserved. There has been increasing use of the PET bottle in the UK and South Africa to package their wines. These counties have conducted research showing that these bottle s are not inferior to the glass bottles. These bottles are very efficient in preserving the wine taste and for dispensing (Jackson, 2008, p. 489). They are also thought to have lesser carbon foot prints than recycling of glass. Other not commonly used packaging systems are the aluminium bottles and the metal cans. To preserve wine, the packaging comes with closures to open and close the containers. Traditionally, the cork has been an important object (Orth Malkewitz, 2008, p. 65). Wines are consumed on special event and the opening of the wine is often a ritual and many consumers enjoy this, regardless of whether it’s done, in a hotel, restaurant or a cafà © (Taber, 2007, p. 89). Targeting the correct consumers is a key in developing demand of the wine brand. Closures are therefore phenomenal to the ritual, whether it’s a â€Å"pop† produced by that cork or a â€Å"crack† when the screw cap is removed, the appeal is a selling strategy. There are a sever al types of closures, the cork disc and synthetic corks made from silicon. There is also the screw cap with plastic shells, aluminium caps, glass plugs and crown seal among others. These new closure types have reduced the excitement that comes with opening a bottle of wine on romantic dinner or other events (Taber, 2007, p. 88). Probably it’s because of increased consumption of wine in hotels, restaurants and cafes, the busy environment has necessitated that there needs to be a way of reducing service time and make storage easier as a the bottom line. Environment Friendly – used glass bottles are recyclable as packaging containers and they can be returned to the shelves after 30 days (Jackson, 2008, p. 489). The process of recycling glass decreases exhaustion of resources, decreases carbon emission and it’s a way of conserving energy as well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Wine Marketing Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has been great improvement in the technology of glass manufacturing which has led to development of lighter glass bottle with remarkable toughness though approximately 40% lighter compared to the way the situation was two decades ago (Grainger, 2009, p. 111). Unlike glass containers, the other packaging systems (PET bottles and bag-in-box containers), are made from materials that are very difficult to recycled therefore they are mostly incinerated or converted into raw materials for other products that will still end up in landfills and probably in water bodies (Grainger, 2009, p. 111). The bag-in-box containers are classically manufactured from aluminium or plastic materials set in the inner part of a fiberboard box to reduce permeability of the container. The PET bottles are manufactured from the by-products of petroleum and therefore account for over 10% of the oil consumed by a country. The glass manufactures are targeting to use 5 0% of materials recycled to make glass (Grainger, 2009, p. 111). This is going to make it even more sustainable. Some manufacturers have already exceeded that level to using up to 70% in manufacture of wine bottles. Conclusion In the marketing of wine, the packaging does not just hold the product being sold but it creates the product. Most of the time, consumers do not have t the keenness of distinguishing package and the contents. The packaging shape the way consumers assess and rate the product. Therefore the design of a brand is very crucial for selling wine. In order to ensure that a brand stands out from the rest of the pack, many manufacturers are seeking and developing the most unique and creative packaging designs. Reference List Grainger, K., 2009, Wine Quality: Tasting and Selection. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. Jackson, R., 2008, Wine Science: Principles and Applications. Amsterdam: Academic Press Inc. Mentana, A., et al. 2009. Chemical changes in Apulia table wines as affect ed by plastic packages. LWT – Food Science and Technology, Vol. 42, pp.1360-1366Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Orth, UR Malkewitz, K., 2008. Holistic Package Design and Consumer Brand Impressions. Journal of Marketing ¸ Vol. 72, Issue 3, Pp. 64-81 Taber, G. M., 2007, To Cork or Not To Cork: Tradition, Romance, Science, and the Battle For the for the Wine Bottle, Simon Schuster: New York Wagner, P., Olsen, J ., Thach, L., 2007, Wine Marketing Sales: Success Strategies for a Saturated Market.   San Francisco: The Wine Appreciation Guild This essay on Wine Marketing Management was written and submitted by user Emerald Woodpecker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sla Theories Essays

Sla Theories Essays Sla Theories Essay Sla Theories Essay Theorists place different values on the role of interaction in second language acquisition (SLA). Krashen’s (1985, 1994) theory became a predominant influence in both second language teaching practice and later theories. Krashen postulates that SLA is determined by the amount of comprehensible input, that is, one-way input in the second language that is both understandable and at the level just beyond the current linguistic competence of learners. Similar to Vygotsky’s â€Å"zone of proximal development† (1962), Krashen’s scaffolding theory is referred to as i+1. Viewed as an innatist perspective, this theory maintains that a second language is acquired unconsciously in a manner similar to the acquisition of a first language. According to Krashen (1996), acquiring language is predicated upon the concept of receiving messages learners can understand (1996). Teachers can make language input comprehensible through a variety of strategies, such as linguistic simplification, and the use of realia, visuals, pictures, graphic organizers, and other current ESOL strategies. While Krashen (1994) believes that only one-way comprehensible input is required for SLA, others take an interactionist position acknowledging the role of two-way communication. Pica (1994), Long (1985), and others assert that conversational interaction facilitates SLA under certain conditions. According to Lightbrown and Spada (1999), â€Å"When learners are given the opportunity to engage in meaningful activities they are compelled to ‘negotiate for meaning,’ that is, to express and clarify their intentions, thoughts, opinions, etc. in a way which permits them to arrive at a mutual understanding. This is especially true when the learners are working together to accomplish a particular goal . . . â€Å"(p. 122). Pica (1994) goes on to say that negotiation is defined as â€Å"modification and restructuring that occurs when learners and their interlocutors anticipate, perceive, or experience difficulties in message comprehensibility† (p. 495). A variety of modifications, which may involve linguistic simplification as well as conversational modifications such as repetition, clarification, and conformation checks, may be used to gain understanding. The interaction hypothesis of Long and Robinson (as cited in Blake, 2000) suggests that when meaning is negotiated, input comprehensibility is usually increased and learners tend to focus on salient linguistic features. Cognizance of these language forms and structures is seen as beneficial to SLA. Other nteractionist theorists apply Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory of human mental processing to define the role of interaction in SLA (Lightbrown and Spada, 1999) and hypothesize that second language learners gain proficiency when they interact with more advanced speakers of the language, for example, teachers and peers. Scaffolding structures such as modeling, repetition, and linguistic simplification used by more proficient speakers are believed to provide support to learner s, thus enabling them to function within their zones of proximal development (Vygotsky, 1962). Although theorists adhering to interactionist thought consider both input to, and input from, the learner as important, output is often viewed as secondary. However, Swain (1995) in her â€Å"comprehensible output hypothesis† asserts that output is also critical and hypothesizes that it serves four primary functions in SLA: 1) enhances fluency; 2) creates awareness of language knowledge gaps; 3) provides opportunities to experiment with language forms and structures; and 4) obtains feedback from others about language use. Comprehensible output assists learners in conveying meaning while providing linguistic challenges; that is, â€Å". . . in producing the L2 (the second, or target language), a learner will on occasion become aware of (i. e. , notice) a linguistic problem (brought to his/ her attention either by external feedback or internal feedback). Noticing a problem ‘pushes’ the learner to modify his/ her output. In doing so, the learner may sometimes be forced into a more syntactic processing mode than might occur in comprehension† (Swain and Lapkin in Chapelle, 1997, p. b). From this perspective, comprehensible output plays an important role in interaction. In summary, interactionists elaborate upon the innatist notion of comprehensible input explaining that interaction, constructed via exchanges of comprehensible input and output, has at least an enhancing effect when meaning is negotiated and support structures are used. Based on this premise, distance second language lear ning courses should be designed to provide interaction that includes negotiation of meaning where comprehensible output results from input.

Narrative Essay Ideas and Advice

Narrative Essay Ideas and Advice Narrative Essay Ideas and Advice A narrative essay is a person anecdote or story. It is usually written in the first person and almost always is an account of the writer’s personal experience. Writing a narrative essay allows students to express themselves creatively and address issues that they have personally experienced. These essays are quite popular among students as it is impossible to be factually wrong about a personal story. This limits the need for research. This does not mean that there are no pitfalls that exist, however. For example, before a student can even begin to write, they must have a few interesting narrative essay ideas. They must also use good spelling and grammar, descriptive language, and write with a purpose in order for their essay to be deemed a success. With this in mind, we have created this post with two goals in mind. The first is to provide students with a lot of great essay ideas. The second is to help each student reading this post to write an organized, well-formatted, and extremely readable essay. Great Ideas for a Narrative Essay Here are some ideas that you can use as food for thought as   you begin selecting the perfect topic for your narrative essay: What has been your best experience so far as a college student? Write about a time when you were really frightened? Describe meeting your current boyfriend or girlfriend. Has anybody thrown you a surprise party? What was that like? Describe your favorite place What did you do on your last road trip? Plan the ideal week long vacation What was the last thing you did with your best friend When was the last time that you were completely unsure of how to handle a problem? What was the best piece of advice you ever received? How did you use it? Have you ever traveled to a foreign country? Have you ever climbed a mountain, gone backpacking, or experienced some other travel adventure? Technical Advice on Writing a Narrative Essay A student who has a great idea and a creative mind is already off to a good start when it comes to writing a great narrative essay. However, before they get started, it is very important to think about some technical issues. A big part of this is spelling and grammar, but there is more to it than that. Students must put a lot of thought into the way that they are going to tell their story to their readers. One way to write a narrative essay is to use a storytelling format. If a student wants to use this format that is fine. They simply must include all of the elements that one would expect in a story. This means a plot, climax, introduction, and conclusion. Another option that students have is to write their narrative essay as a classically formatted essay. This would mean starting with an introductory paragraph that includes a thesis. The thesis could be related to a lesson that was learned or a conclusion the writer reaches after experiencing something. How to Begin a Narrative Essay Starting an essay can be quite difficult. This is no different when it comes to the narrative essay. Sometimes the best way to begin is with a bit of a sneak peak. Here is an example: I felt my stomach jump into my chest when I saw the red and blue lights flashing behind me. What I didn't know was that the speeding ticket I was about to receive would be the best thing that ever happened to me. This is an easy and excellent way to kick off any narrative essay.

Multimedia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multimedia - Assignment Example The use of multimedia has become universal and has fully integrated in the field of education. An institution desires to modernize their induction tour with the latest technologies to enhance the experience for the newly inducted students and present a promising image of the college. Multimedia is also used in organizations for various purposes. Different types of technologies shall be discussed in the paper regarding their unique uses for organization. In the end, an effective solution will be proposed for the institution to incorporate technology in the induction tour. Task 1 2. Types of Multimedia used in Organizations 2.1 Promotion and Advertising Modern organizations have numerous platforms on which they can promote the image of their organizations. Most common use of multimedia is seen in the domain of promotion and advertising. The first step in this process is to define the audience that shall be aimed to be targeted with the promotional campaigns. Radio and television are am ong the conventional forms of multimedia used in the field of advertising. Radio tends to be cost effective as compared to TV and print ads. Internet technology has intervened in the lives of individuals to such a great extent that life cannot be perceived without it in the modern world. Organizations use the medium of internet to reach a larger set of audiences. According to Kawamoto; there are over 1 billion internet users worldwide. Advertisements and promotional campaigns are run on social networking sites, search engines and company owned websites. Another good approach to promote the name of the company is to make a profile for the company on Facebook, MySpace and Twitter. Current campaigns and latest promotions can be advertised through these profiles. 2.2 Digital Poster Digital posters are defined as the displays that are electronically updated with respect to the content provided by the organizations. They facilitate fast and convenient updates of information therefore more information can be communicated to the audience than flat posters. They are more eye-catching as they can be incorporated with sound and video to enable a more effective delivery of message to the recipient. 2.3 Virtual Tours A virtual tour is defined as the simulation of any place which is created by the accumulation of numerous videos and snapshots. Virtual tours allow the creator to communicate the floor plan and interiors of any location to a person who might be residing thousands of miles away from that place. This type of multimedia can help any business communicate their services to their customers; this experience gives an opportunity to the customers to evaluate the quality of the service. For example, hotels advertise their rooms, spa locations and dining areas with the aid of virtual tours. Hospitals might use the same medium to communicate their medical facilities to the audiences. Real estate agencies use this type of multimedia to show the interiors, neighbourhood and location of premises. Figure 1: Screenshot of a virtual tour of a hotel (Interactive virtual tours for estate agents, hotels, business, bars and restaurants) 2.4 Education and Training This concept of acquiring education and training by means of multimedia is known as ‘computer based learning’ or ‘computer based teaching’. Businesses have adapted multimedia technologies to provide

GAP INC Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

GAP INC - Case Study Example The paper will later do a CSR audit as well as make recommendation to the company. Gap Inc. has experienced tremendous growth since its inception in 1969. Its expansion has led it to be among the top selling brands in the U.S. and abroad. Through its organization and ability to meet customer needs, Gap Inc. grew from single store in U.S. to over 3500 outlets distributed in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, German, and Japan. This expansion came with a number of issues that were environment associated thus leading the management to make decisions based on how to handle the issues. The first issue that Gap Inc. had to deal with was the decreasing sales of Levi’s products. This motivated the company to venture into private-labeled products that has been the main sale in the company to date. The company invested in strengthening brand royalty by enhancing advertising and marketing of the company products. When private labeled products suffered low sales, Old Navy products were invented as a way of attracting customers back to the company’s products. Old Navy products were low cost products yet similar merchandise to Gap stores. Changing fashion trends is one of the major issues experienced by every apparel company (Hines & Bruce 64). The company’s inventory is affected since retailers must order merchandise in advance. The preparation for peak selling calls for higher inventory levels that have to happen before the season. To manage such huge inventory, Gap is faced by an issue that expose it to price shifts and demand that are related to timing of merchandise purchases. Such issues expose the company especially when production is from foreign countries meaning currency differences may check in. Japan market is highly traditional. Gap’s consideration of establishing long-term business relationships is one way of ensuring that the

International Trade Theories Essay Example for Free

International Trade Theories Essay 1. Theory of Mercantilism Introduction: Mercantilism is a trade theory holing that a country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of â€Å"treasure† which usually means its gold. The mercantilists proposed theory of mercantilism. They were a group of economists who preceded Adam Smith. The foundations of economic thought between 1500 and 1800 were based on mercantilism. Mercantilists believed that the world had a finite store of wealth; therefore, when one country got more, other countries had less. Mercantilists restricted imports and encouraged or subsidized exports as a conscious policy to make their citizens better off. Mercantilists judged the success of trade by the size of the trade balance. Mercantilism was a sixteenth-century economic philosophy that maintained that a country’s wealth was measured by its holdings of gold and silver. This required that the countries to maximize exports and minimize imports. The logic was transparent to sixteenth-century policy makers that if foreigners bought more goods from us than we bought from them, then the foreigners had to pay us the difference in gold and silver, enabling us to amass more treasure. With that treasure we could expand the nation’s global influence. Mercantilists pressed for favorable balance of trade (BOT) or balance of payments (BOP) as against the unfavorable one. In a way it is good because your currency appreciates with mounting surplus on the Fore front, and the country can attract more foreign capital infusion further strengthening the country’s economy, infrastructure, etc. Now China and Japan with enormous favorable BOT and BOP get all the benefits envisaged by mercantilists. According To Adam Smith- -Mercantilism is an economic theory popular in the 1500s and was the biggest reason for Europe’s desire to colonize new lands the theory states that there is a certain amount of wealth in the world and it is in a nations best interest to accumulate it through wealth, a nation can achieve power a country achieves wealth through producing and exporting more good then they import this theory was invented to serve the interest of the empire, not the colony Evaluation of Mercantilism Theory: Mercantilist writers have been lauded and criticized in the literature on foreign trade at least since Hume’s Political Discourses in 1752. Mercantilists have been criticized for everything from their views regarding the gains from trade to their self-promotion of the merchant’s role in society as being important. Mercantilist writers assumed that the economy will generally operate at a pace that leaves resources –land and labor – idle, but in reality the economy naturally tends to full employment. This is a â€Å"flaw† in the logical foundation of mercantilist thought. The regime of WTO has moved the world away from mercantilism by pressing for free trade with reduced protectionism. Theory of Neo-Mercantilism: Mercantilism is still in vogue. Mercantilist policies are politically attractive to some firms and their workers, as mercantilism benefits certain members of society. Modern supporters of these policies are known as neo-mercantilists, or protectionists. The neo-mercantilists want higher production through full employment and that every industry produces an exportable surplus leading to favorable BOT. Consciously or otherwise, every country is concerned about increasing export earnings. The merits of surging Fore surplus built through exports speaks well of a country’s capability to cater to world’s needs qualitatively, quantitatively and in varied product/service ranges. Every country does what is possible to meet this end. But the modern trade emphasis is ‘Export more and Import more’. Finally: The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nations wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nations commercial interests. It was believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports. This approach assumes the wealth of a nation depends primarily on the possession of precious metals such as gold and silver. This type of system cannot be maintained forever, because the global economy would become stagnant if every country wanted to export and no one wanted to import. After a period of time, many people began to revolt against the idea of mercantilism and stressed the need for free trade. Mercantilism is a theory developed by the merchants; hence the name. It rests on the role of a strong state in supporting (state-granted) monopolies and protecting shipping and trading lanes. Mercantilism encourages exports and discourages imports. Gold and silver are used to keep score of the game played between nation-states, and represent the wealth of the nation. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Absolute Advantage theory Introduction: Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, postulated that under free trade, each nation should specialize in producing those goods that it could produce most efficiently. Some of these would be exported to pay for the imports of goods that could be produced more efficiently elsewhere. Smith ridiculed the fear of trade comparing nations to households. Since every household finds it worthwhile to produce only some of its needs and to buy others with products it can seal, the same should apply to nations: It is the maxim of every prudent master of a family, never to attempt to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy. The Taylor does not attempt to make his own shoes, but buys them from shoemaker What is prudence in the conduct of every private family, can scarce be folly in that of a great kingdom. If a foreign country can supply us with some part of the product of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage. The theory of absolute advantage is based on the assumption that the nation is absolutely better (i.e., more efficient) at production of certain goods than are its trading partners. Smith showed by his example of absolute advantage that both nations would gain from trade. ADAM SMITHS TRADE THEORY OF ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE: The first classical theory of international trade was propounded by Adam Smith, the founder of classical economics. His theory is known as the Theory of Absolute Advantage. It may be possible for all the countries to produce all the commodities they need, in spite of resource constraint. But, the cost of production of goods for which a country is deficient in its resources would be exorbitantly high. It is better to import such goods rather than produce them. Most Countries therefore tend to specialize in producing commodities in which they have absolute advantage in cost of production. Therefore, most countries export goods which they can produce at a lower cost and import what they can produce at a higher cost. This common sense logic of international division of labor suggested by Adam Smith marks the beginning of modern theories of foreign trade. The theory of absolute advantage states that the basis of trade between the nations is the absolute advantage a country has in producing a commodity over the other countries. In simple words, two countries are able to trade between them because each one of them is able to produce at least one commodity at a comparatively lower cost. Assumptions: The theory of absolute advantage was advanced to buttress Smiths argument that if there was no government involvement in trade, and if each individual was left to do what in his or her own best interest, then there would be more goods and services available, prices would be reduced, and the wealth of each nation, measured as the welfare of the citizens, would increase. Smiths theory was offered to replace mercantilism. The Theory of Absolute Advantage and the Theory of Comparative Advantage rest on very strong assumptions, as follows: Two countries, two commodities assumed in both theories. The theories are obvious for this case. The three-by-three case (and those beyond) cannot be established analytically, and it is not even clear how the principle should be formalized. (See p. 3 of Ronald Jones, The Positive Theory of International Trade, Handbook of International Economics, R. Jones and P. Kenen (eds.), 1984.) Efficiency objective The Absolute and Comparative Advantage theories assume that total world production, and therefore efficiency, is the objective. Efficiency is not always a country goal. Zero Transportation Costs both theories presume that transportation costs between and within countries are zero. Factor Mobility/Immobility both theories presume that resources are absolutely mobile within a country and absolutely immobile between countries. Full employment Both theories assume full employment in each country. Comparative Advantage versus Absolute Advantage: As we can see from the example above, a country can have a comparative advantage in producing a good even if it is absolutely less efficient at producing that good. To understand this more clearly, think of an example of a doctor in private practice: A young doctor opens her own practice, working by herself, and within a few months has developed a substantial clientele. At first, she was performing all her clerical work—filing, typing and answering the phone—by herself. With an ever-busier schedule, however, she realizes that she could spend more time seeing patients, and thus see a greater number of patients, if she hired an assistant. As it turns out, the young professional is not only a brilliant doctor, but is also lightning-fast at typing and filing. She is, in fact, better at doing both jobs than the clerical assistant she hires. In other words, she has an absolute advantage at both tasks: medical diagnosis and clerical work. Does it make sense then for the doctor and her assistant to share both tasks, each spending part of the day diagnosing patients and doing clerical work? The answer is no. By having the assistant perform all the clerical work, the doctor is able to maximize her specialization and see more patients. The patients are undoubtedly better off too. In other words, even though the assistant is worse at performing both tasks, an economist would say that he nonetheless has a comparative advantage at clerical work. As you can see, by working together – trading their services – the doctor and the assistant are able to maximize their skills, making both better off. As these examples show, trade allows countries to specialize in the production of what they do best and make the most efficient use of their resources, thereby decreasing the price of both goods. No matter how inefficiently a country produces every kind of good, it can always be said to have a comparative advantage in at least one of those goods. That is the theory of comparative and absolute advantage. It helps explain what happens in the real world of international trade, and it offers broad guidance to countries as they decide which goods and services to produce and subsequently export, and which, in turn, to import. Trade in Theory and Practice: In reality, of course, trade specialization does not work precisely the way the theory of comparative advantage might suggest, for a number of reasons: No country specializes exclusively in the production and export of a single product or service. All countries produce at least some goods and services that other countries can produce more efficiently. A lower income country might, in theory, be able to produce a particular product more efficiently than the United States can but still not be able to identify American buyers or transport the item cheaply to the United States. As a result, U.S. firms continue to manufacture the product. Finally: The Scottish economist Adam Smith developed the trade theory of absolute advantage in 1776. A country that has an absolute advantage produces greater output of a good or service than other countries using the same amount of resources. Smith stated that tariffs and quotas should not restrict international trade; it should be allowed to flow according to market forces. Contrary to mercantilism Smith argued that a country should concentrate on production of goods in which it holds an absolute advantage. No country would then need to produce all the goods it consumed. The theory of absolute advantage destroys the mercantilist idea that international trade is a zero-sum game. 3. Comparative Advantage theory Introduction: David Ricardo, in 1817, enunciated his refinement of Smiths concept by postulating the principle of comparative advantage (as opposed to Smiths concept of absolute advantage). The theory of comparative advantage states that even if a country is able to produce all its good at lower costs than another country can, trade still benefits both countries, based on comparative costs. His writings demonstrated what has become known as: the principle of comparative advantage: a nation, like a person, gains from the trade by exporting the goods or services in which it has its greatest comparative advantage in productivity and importing those in which it has the least comparative advantage. The key word is comparative, meaning relative and not necessarily absolute. There are gains from trade whenever the relative price ratios of two goods differ under international exchange for what would be under conditions of no trade. In addition, the theory of comparative advantage demonstrates that countries jointly benefit from trade (under the assumption of both goods). With the theory of absolute advantage, Ricardos theory of comparative advantage does not answer why production cost differ within each country and also no consideration is given to the possibility of producing the same goods with different combinations of factors. Assumption: A situation in which a country, individual, company or region can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor. This theory that global efficiency gains may still result from trade if a country specializes in those products it can produce more efficiently than other products-regardless of whether other countries can produce those same products even more efficiently. It denotes gains from trade will occur even in a country that has absolute advantage in all products because the country must give up less efficient output to produce more efficient output. Assumptions underlying the concept of comparative advantage Perfect occupational mobility of factors of production resources used in one industry can be switched into another without any loss of efficiency Constant returns to scale (i.e. doubling the inputs in each country leads to a doubling of total output) No externalities arising from production and/or consumption Transportation costs are ignored comparative advantage and international trade: Comparative advantage exists when a country has a margin of superiority in the production of a good or service i.e. where the opportunity cost of production is lower. The basic theory of comparative advantage was developed by David Ricardo Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was further developed by Heckscher, Ohlin and Samuelson who argued that countries have different factor endowments of labor, land and capital inputs. Countries will specialize in and export those products which use intensively the factors of production which they are most endowed. If each country specializes in those goods and services where they have an advantage, then total output and economic welfare can be increased (under certain assumptions). This is true even if one nation has an absolute advantage over another country. Worked example of comparative advantage consider the data in the following table: | Pre-Specialization | CD Players | Personal Computers | | UK | 2,000 | 500 | | Japan | 4,000 | 2,000 | | Total Output | 6,000 | 2,500 | After trade has taken place, total output of goods available to consumers in both countries has grown. UKs consumption of CD players has increased by 200 and they have an extra 100 PCs. For Japan, they have an extra 200 CD players and 200 PCs. If businesses exploit increasing returns to scale (i.e. economies of scale) when they specialize, the potential gains from trade are much greater. The idea that specialization should lead to increasing returns is associated with economists such as Paul Romer and Paul Ormerod Determinants regarding comparative advantage: Comparative advantage is a dynamic concept. It can and does change over time. Some businesses find they have enjoyed a comparative advantage in one product for several years only to face increasing competition as rival producers from other countries enter their markets. For a country, the following factors are important in determining the relative costs of production: The quantity and quality of factors of production available (e.g. the size and efficiency of the available labor force and the productivity of the existing stock of capital inputs). If an economy can improve the quality of its labor force and increase the stock of capital available it can expand the productive potential in industries in which it has an advantage. Investment in research development (important in industries where patents give some firms significant market advantage) for more information on this have a look at this page Movements in the exchange rate. An appreciation of the exchange rate can cause exports from a country to increase in price. This makes them less competitive in international markets. Long-term rates of inflation compared to other countries. For example if average inflation in Country X is 4% whilst in Country B it is 8% over a number of years, the goods and services produced by Country X will become relatively more expensive over time. This worsens their competitiveness and causes a switch in comparative advantage. Import controls such as tariffs and quotas that can be used to create an artificial comparative advantage for a countrys domestic producers- although most countries agree to abide by international trade agreements. Non-price competitiveness of producers (e.g. product design, reliability, quality of after-sales support) Criticisms: However, the principle of comparative advantage can be criticized in a several ways: †¢ It may overstate the benefits of specialization by ignoring a number of costs. These costs include transport costs and any external costs associated with trade, such as air and sea pollution. †¢ The theory also assumes perfect mobility of factors without any diminishing returns. The reality may be very different. Output from factor inputs is likely to be subject to diminishing returns. This will make the PPF for each country non-linear and bowed outwards. †¢ Complete specialization might create structural unemployment as some workers cannot transfer from one sector to another. †¢ Relative prices and exchange rates are not taken into account in the simple theory of comparative advantage. For example if the price of X rises relative to Y, the benefit of increasing output of X increases. †¢ Comparative advantage is not a static concept it may change over time. For example, nonrenewable resources can slowly run out, increasing the costs of production, and reducing the gains from trade. †¢ Many countries strive for food security, meaning that even if they should specialise in non-food products, they still prefer to keep a minimum level of food production. †¢ Finally, the principle of comparative advantage is derived from a simple two good/two country model. The real world is far more complex, with countries exporting and importing many different goods and services. Finally: It seems obvious that if one country is better at producing one good and another country is better at producing a different good (assuming both countries demand both goods) that they should trade. What happens if one country is better at producing both goods? Should the two countries still trade? This question brings into play the theory of comparative advantage and opportunity costs. The everyday choices that we make are, without exception, made at the expense of pursuing one or several other choices. When you decide what to wear, what to eat for dinner, or what to do on Saturday night, you are making a choice that denies you the opportunity to explore other options. ______________________________________________________________ 4. Heckscher-Ohlin theory Introduction: the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model. It states that a country will export goods that use its abundant factors intensively, and import goods that use its scarce factors intensively. In the two-factor case, it states: A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. Definition: This theory said that differences in countries’ endowment of labor compared to their endowment of land or capital explain differences in the cost of production factors. Assumption: The critical assumption of the Heckscher–Ohlin model is that the two countries are identical, except for the difference in resource endowments. This also implies that the aggregate preferences are the same. The relative abundance in capital will cause the capital-abundant country to produce the capital-intensive good cheaper than the labor-abundant country and vice versa. Initially, when the countries are not trading: the price of capital-intensive good in capital-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country, the price of labor-intensive good in labor-abundant country will be bid down relative to the price of the good in the other country.Once trade is allowed, profit-seeking firms will move their products to the markets that have (temporary) higher price. As a result: the capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. Features of the model: †¢ Relative endowments of the factors of production (land, labor, and capital) determine a countrys comparative advantage. Countries have comparative advantages in those goods for which the required factors of production are relatively abundant locally. This is because the profitability of goods is determined by input costs. Goods that require inputs that are locally abundant will be cheaper to produce than those goods that require inputs that are locally scarce. †¢ For example, a country where capital and land are abundant but labor is scarce will have comparative advantage in goods that require lots of capital and land, but little labor — grains. If capital and land are abundant, their prices will be low. As they are the main factors used in the production of grain, the price of grain will also be low—and thus attractive for both local consumption and export. Labor intensive goods on the other hand will be very expensive to produce since labor is scarce and its price is high. Therefore, the country is better off importing those goods. Factor Proportions Theory: Trade theory, like all of economic theory, changed drastically in the first half of the twentieth century. The factor proportions theory developed by the Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and later expanded by his former graduate student Bertil Ohlin formed the major theory of international trade that is widely is still widely accepted today. Whereas Smith and Ricardo emphasized a labor theory of value the factor proportions theory was based on a more modern concept of production that raised capital to the same level of importance as labor. Factor Intensity in Production: The factor intensity in production theory considered two factor of production, labor and capital. Technology determines the way they combine to form a product. Different products required different proportions of the two factors of production. It is easy to see how the factor proportions of how a product is produced differs substantially among groups of products. For the manufacturing of leather footwear is still a relatively labor intensive process even with the most sophisticated leather treatment and patterning machinery. Other products such as computer memory chips, however although requiring some highly skilled labor require massive quantities of capital for production and development and the manufacturing facilities needed for clean production to ensure the extremely high quality demanded in the industry. The concept of factor proportions is very useful in the comparison of the production processes of goods. According to factor proportions theory, factor intensities depend on the state of technology and the current method of manufacturing a product. The theory assumed that the same technology of production would be used for the same goods in all countries. It is not therefore differences in the efficiency of production that will determine trade between countries at it did in classical theory. Classical theory implicitly assumed that technology or the productivity of labor is different across countries. Otherwise there would be no logical explanation as to why one country requires more units of labor to produce a unit of output than another country. Factor proportions theory assumed no such productivity differences. Factor Endowments, Factor Prices, And Comparative Advantage: If there is no difference in technology or productivity of factors across countries, what then determines comparative advantage in production and export? The answer is that factor prices determine cost differences. And these prices are determined by the endowments of labor and capital the country possesses. The theory assumes that labor and capital are immobile, meaning they cannot move across country borders. Therefore the countrys endowment determines the relative costs of labor and capital as compared to other countries. Each country is defined or measured by the amount of labor and capital that it possesses. If a country has when compared with other countries more labor and less capital it would be characterized as relatively labor abundant. That which is more plentiful is cheaper; so a labor abundant country would therefore have relatively cheap labor. For a country such as China possesses a relatively large endowment of labor and a relatively smaller endowment of capital. At the same time Japan is a relatively capital abundant country with a relatively smaller endowment of labor. China possesses relatively cheaper labor and should therefore specialize in the production and export of labor intensive products. Japan possesses relatively cheap capital and should specialize in the production and export of capital intensive products. Comparative advantage is derived not from the productivity of a country, but from the relative abundance of its factors of production. Using these assumptions, factor proportions theory stated that a country should specialize in the production and export of those product that use intensively its relatively abundant factor. (i) A country that is relatively labor abundant should specialize in the production of relatively labor intensive goods. It should then export these labor intensive goods in exchange for capital intensive goods. (ii) A country that is relatively capital abundant should specialized in the production of relatively capital intensive goods. It should then export these capital intensive goods in exchange for labor intensive goods. Finally: The Heckscher-Ohlin theory states that international and interregional differences in production costs occur because of differences in the supply of production factors: Commodities requiring for their production much of [abundant factors of production] and little of [scarce factors] are exported in exchange for goods that call for factors in the opposite proportions. Thus indirectly, factors in abundant supply are exported and factors in scanty supply are imported (Ohlin, 1933).These simple statements lead to an important conclusion: under free trade, countries export the products that use their scarce factors intensively and imports the products using their scarce factors intensively.

Graduation Speech: We are Winners :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Parents, family and friends, faculty, Class of 2012: Tonight we celebrate the completion of 12 years of schooling and look toward what will be in store for us in the future. It has been a long road for most of us, and a difficult one for some, but the fact is, we made it. Tonight we are all winners. However, I would like to talk for just a few minutes about losing. Throughout history there were many people we consider winners, who, in fact, lost many times in their lives. Walt Disney was fired by a newspaper editor because he had "no good ideas." Even though he hit 714 home runs, Babe Ruth struck out 1,330 times. Thomas Edison performed more than 1100 unsuccessful experiments before inventing the light bulb. He said, "I found out 1100 ways how not to do things." Even the great Secretariat lost his first race. I can remember a time when I so desperately wanted to win, but I didn't. My fourth grade class was having a spelling bee. Every student had to stand at the front of the room with his or her own mini chalkboard. When Mrs. Reed, my teacher, said a word, everyone had to spell it on their chalkboard at the same time. If you misspelled the word, you were forced to sit down at your desk and keep quiet. At first I did not see the enjoyment in the exercise. In fact, I can distinctly remember drawing on my chalkboard while my teacher explained the rules of the spelling bee. It wasn't until I heard the words "Tootsie Roll Pop" that I looked up and saw the bright red cherry Tootsie Roll Pop that would be given to the winner. In fourth grade there was little I would not do for a Tootsie Roll Pop. The spelling bee that was about to start all of a sudden became important too me. My hand was ready to spell out any word that came out of my teacher's mouth. I was a spelling machine! My teacher kept putting up new words, and I kept knocking them down. I wanted that Tootsie Roll Pop. I was going to get it if it killed me. My teacher had given us more than 20 words, and I spelled every one of them correctly. The problem was, so had someone else. Elaine was her name. She was all that stood between me and my Tootsie Roll Pop.

Is College for Everyone? Essay

Is college for everyone? I am sure this is a question that many future, current, and even graduated college students have asked themselves at one time or another. In her blog posted in 2007 on AssociatedContent. com â€Å"Is College for Everyone†, writer, Pharinet, uses her experience, logic, emotion and reasoning as a college professor to identify the issues and answer the question, â€Å"is college for everyone? † Pharinet says that education is important and that every person has the right to an education, but that it still may not be right for every person to attend college. Pharinet describes to her readers how over the years and reasons why going to college have changed over time. She states, â€Å"often the desire for learning is not what drives students to attend college†(635). Pharinet’s main purpose of this blog is to use her experience in the college field to express her views to the future college students and maybe even their parents that going college may not be the path for everyone, and that sometimes people do not need a college education to be successful in life. Pharinet uses the statistic that approximately 50% of students who begin college never graduate(635). Not every person is ready for the â€Å"freedom† or â€Å"responsibility† that comes with going to college. Courses, homework, projects, and exams are not the only things college students are faced with. Pharinet also explains the finical aspect of attending college and says â€Å"while the cost of college can be offset by grants, scholarships and work-study programs, too many students find themselves in desperate financial situations by the end of their first semester†(635). Pharinet presents a great point when she says, â€Å"If college is for everyone, why do we rely on SAT scores and high school transcripts? †(635). That in itself should make a person question if going to college is really the right place for him or her. If a person has struggled through school up until this or her high school graduation and could not handle the course load assignments and the basic functions of grade school such as reading, writing and math, then maybe college is not the right place for him or her. If a person is not capable of doing this while in grade school and living with his or her parents, who make sure their grades are where they are suppose to be and paying the bills, what makes them think the are ready for them â€Å"freedom† or â€Å"reasonability† college has to offer. In Pharinet’s argument of â€Å"is college for everyone† she express her emotion by saying â€Å"Once upon a time, college was a place you went when you wished to learn†(636). This is followed by â€Å"Now, college is the place you go when you want to get a good job, or appease your parents, or because you are finding yourself†(636). Pharinet is right when she says this. There are so many students who enroll in college today with absolutely no idea of what they want to be or where they want their lives to go for reasons that really have no importance. Just because â€Å"C’s get degrees†(636) does not mean that it is ok to go to college and barely get by and waste everyone’s time involved. There are many successful and happy people in this world today that did not choose the path of a higher education and go to college that would not change a thing about their lives today. To make the decision whether or not to go to college is in the eye of the beholder and only that person whose future will be affected by this decision can truly make his or her own choices in life. Phairnet points out that to keep the world we live in running, we need people who are willing to admit that â€Å"College does not benefit everyone†(636). and to be willing to perform the jobs that do not call for a college education such as factory workers, semi drivers, mail carries etc. At the end of the day, people need to take a look at the big picture and, â€Å"Embrace the reality that college is not for everyone†(636).

Knowledge-based systems Essay

We tabulated the required sample size n and the corresponding critical acceptance value [c. sub. 0] for various [alpha]-risks, [beta]-risks, and the capability requirements AQL, LTPD. The results obtained in this paper are useful to the practitioners in making reliable decisions. For illustrative purpose, we demonstrated the proposed method by presenting a case study on liquid-crystal module (LCM) manufacturing process to evaluate the process performance. Here could be many decision problems in which decision-makers have different interests in reaching certain objectives. A useful decision support system which has interesting characteristics is presented here: it allows each decision-maker to learn individually how to move around the efficient frontier and, interact anonymously, in a progressive manner, with the other members of the group to impel the process toward his interests, or to back down before the other decision-makers’ interests, to end up in a balanced decision that satisfies all the members of the group. (Sethi, & King 2001) The system presented here has the role of an impartial and trustworthy facilitator that enables the group to reach their objectives in an appropriated time, manages it, questions it and makes proposals. The system can rapidly synthesize information and judgments and effectively reflect back the tentative outcomes to decision-makers. It generates understanding, learning and creativity. (Edwards 2004) This process can drive certain members of the group to strongly bias the decisions towards their own interests, by proposing solutions that exceed their goals so that in a negotiation process they can diminish their aspirations to reach their individual true goals. In the proposed methodology several options were included that diminish the vulnerability of the process to radical proposals. These options induce the decision-makers to express their real preferences and not those that would allow them to manipulate the decision. The proposed methodology allows autonomy and privacy in the decisions of each member of the group. It improves the participation of all decision-makers and avoids pressures by other members. It allows that decision-makers have different importance within the process, and it also includes a weighting system that can be defined by a consultative procedure. (Tan, & Benbasat 2003) References Adelman, L. (2001). Handbook for evaluating knowledge-based systems: Norwell, MA: Kluwer. Anderson, E. E. , & Chen, Y. (2006) Microcomputer software evaluation: An econometric model. Decision Support Systems. 19 (2), 75-92. Adelman, L. (2005). User and R&D specialist evaluation of decision support systems: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. (SMC-15)2, 334-342. Balasubramanian, P. (1999) Managing process knowledge for decision support: Decision Support Systems. 27 (1-2), 145-162.

Controversy of Marilyn Monroes Death essays

Controversy of Marilyn Monroes Death essays In the early hours of August 5, 1962, Marilyn Monroes body was found with a bottle of sleeping pills by her side, the local coroner said that the circumstances of her death indicated possible suicide. What nobody knew back then is that it would cause controversies for the next forty plus years. Many people do not believe that Monroe died from suicide, but possibly from murder or an accidental overdose. Why is it that someone would commit suicide if they seemed so happy before? She had been planning to remarry Joe DiMaggio. It could be that she was killed because of the scandal she had been a part of. Monroe had had an affair with, more than likely, both the Kennedy brothers during the time of JFKs time in office. Thats why Marilyn Monroe was murdered by the white House to cover up her affair with JFK and her cause of death was not suicide. Granted some believe that Marilyn Monroes cause of death was suicide of an overdose of sleeping pills; however Marilyn Monroe did not commit suicide, even though it is the official cause of death listed on her autopsy and is probably the most widely believed. She had tried it four times previously and she clearly had significant mood swings. There have been too many forensic facts that are at odds with the suicide theory. Forensic experts have discarded this theory as inconsistent with the facts, unless someone could imagine Monroe making up a barbiturate enema and administering it to herself. Also Marilyn Monroe seemed to be in good spirits at the time of her death and had been making plans for future events, such as, movies and possibly a remarriage to Joe DiMaggio. (Theories-Suicide 1) Monroe was found on August 5, 1962 with unhealthy levels of barbiturate in her bloodstream. But the t...

Tennessee Vital Records - Births, Deaths Marriages

Tennessee Vital Records - Births, Deaths Marriages Learn how and where to obtain birth, marriage, and death certificates and records in Tennessee, including the dates for which Tennessee vital records are available, where they are located, and links to online Tennessee state vital records databases. Tennessee Vital Records1st Floor, Central Services Building421 5th Avenue, NorthNashville, TN 37243Phone: 615-741-1763 What You Need to Know:Check or money order should be made payable to Tennessee Vital Records. Personal checks are accepted. Call or visit the Web site to verify current fees. A photocopy of a valid government issued form of identification which includes the requestor’s signature, usually a driver’s license, must accompany requests for birth and death records. Web site: Tennessee Office of Vital Records   Tennessee Birth Records: Dates: From 1908 Cost of copy: $15.00 long form; $8.00 short form Comments: Tennessee birth records less than 100-years-old are only available to the individual named on the certificate, or their spouse, parent, legal guardian or child. However, verification of information from the records (a transcription of all available information)  can be provided to any requester with a Verification of Birth Facts request. Birth records are available from the State Office beginning with January 1914 births. Records of births from 1908-1912 were kept by the County Clerk in the county where the birth occurred and are also available at the Tennessee State Archives. Records of some births that occurred in the major cities (Nashville since June 1881, Knoxville since July 1881 and Chattanooga since January 1882) are also available. Although the short form is cheaper, the long form (a photocopy of the original record) is much better for genealogical purposes!Application for Tennessee Birth Certificate * Memphis birth records from April 1874 - December 1887 and November 1898 - January 1, 1914 are available from the Memphis Shelby County Health Department. Online:Index to Davidson County Birth Records, 1908–1912Index to Nashville Birth Records, 1881–1913Index to Shelby County Birth Records, 1874–1906   Tennessee Death Records: Dates: From 1908 Cost of copy: $7.00 Comments: Tennessee death records less than 50-years-old are only available to the individual named on the certificate, or their spouse, parent, legal guardian or child. However, verification of information from the records can be provided to any requester with a Verification of Death Facts request. This is  transcription of all available information from the death record, excluding cause of death.   The State office has had death records for the entire State since January 1914, for Nashville since July 1874, for Knoxville since July 1887 and for Chattanooga since March 6, 1872. Death records are available from the State Vital Records Office for the past 50 years. Older death records can be requested through the Tennessee State Archives. Although the short form is cheaper, the long form (a photocopy of the original record) is much better for genealogical purposes!Application for Tennessee Death Certificate Online:Index to Tennessee Death Records: 1908-1912Statewide Index to Tennessee Death Records, 1914–1933)Index to Davidson County Death Records, 1900–1913Tennessee, Death Records, 1914-1955 (index images)   Tennessee Marriage Records: Dates: From 1861* Cost of copy: $15.00 (state) Comments: Tennessee marriage records less than 50-years-old are only available to the individuals named on the certificate, or their spouse, parent, legal guardian or child. However, verification of information from the records (a transcription of all available information) can be provided to any requester with a Verification of Marriage Facts request. The State office has marriage records for the entire State for the past 50 years. Older records are held by the Tennessee State Archives.Application for Tennessee Marriage Certificate * For Memphis birth records from April 1874 - December 1887 and November 1898 - January 1, 1914, and for Memphis death records from May 1848 to January 1, 1914, write to Memphis-Shelby County Health Department, Division of Vital Records, Memphis, TN 38105. A list of Tennessee marriages before 1861 has been published in six volumes. Copies of entries for a surname can be provided upon request for a small fee from the Tennessee State Archives. Online:Tennessee County Marriages, 1790-1950 (index images)Nashville and Davidson County Marriage Records 1788–1839 (index)Nashville Marriage Records 1864–1905  (index)Nashville and Davidson County Marriage Records 1905–1916  (index)   Tennessee Divorce Records: Dates: From July 1905 Cost of copy: $15.00 Comments: Vital Records Office keeps divorce records for 50 years. Older records are maintained by the Tennessee State Archives. Divorces can also be obtained from the Clerk of Court in the county where the divorce was granted. If youre ineligible to receive a certified copy of the divorce, you can still apply for Verification of Divorce Facts for a transcription of information from the divorce record.Application for Tennessee Divorce or Annulment Certificate * Early divorce requests in Tennessee had to be approved by the Tennessee General Assembly. Search the Index to Names in the Acts of Tennessee 1796-1850 to see if there is a listing for a particular individual. If found, the Tennessee State Archives can provide copies for a fee. More US Vital Records - Choose a State

Summary to the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary to the Article - Essay Example Another question that the paper addresses is the major geographical locations where the evolution supposedly took place and the location of the resultant fossils as discovered by archeologists. This is directly related to the adaptation to their current ecological niche. Although the results obtained need further research as stipulated by the recommendation, it is obvious that most of the tetrapods are found in the Arctic Canada where most of the evolution took place. In this regard, the data presented by the paper closely coincide with the conclusion in that the body scales, lower jaws, and other features are closely comparable to the primitive sarcopterygians. It is however important to note that there are significant implications of the study for understanding tetrapod origins and evolution in that the study exposes the geological setting together with the morphological features of this kind of fish that has been discovered and in so doing the study suggests the possibility of life in shallow-water, subaerial, and marginal